The Mulki Rules in Telangana represent a significant chapter in the state's history, marked by both social unrest and political upheaval. These regulations, designed to protect the employment rights of locals, have been a source of contention and protest for decades. This article delves into the origins, implementation, and consequences of the Mulki Rules, examining the protests they ignited and their lasting impact on Telangana's socio-political landscape.
Origin and Implementation of Mulki Rules
The seeds of the Mulki Rules were sown during the Nizam's rule in Hyderabad State. Concerned about the influx of job seekers from British India, the Nizam introduced these regulations in 1918 to safeguard employment opportunities for the 'Mulkis' residents of the Hyderabad State. To qualify as a Mulki, one had to fulfill specific criteria, including:
Birth: Being born within the territories of Hyderabad State.
Domicile: Residing in the State for a minimum of 15 years.
Land Ownership: Owning immovable property in the State.
Language: Having knowledge of the Urdu language.
These rules initially applied to government jobs, but their scope later expanded to include education and other sectors. After the annexation of Hyderabad State into India in 1948, the Mulki Rules remained in effect, becoming a contentious issue in the newly formed Andhra Pradesh state.
Protests Against Non-Mulki Employment
The implementation of Mulki Rules led to several waves of protests, primarily fueled by perceived discrimination against 'Non-Mulkis' or outsiders. Here are some key instances:
1952 Mulki Agitation: This marked the first major uprising against the perceived preferential treatment given to Mulkis in government jobs. Students spearheaded the agitation, demanding equal opportunities for all residents of Andhra Pradesh. The protests, often accompanied by violence, forced the government to appoint a committee to review the Mulki Rules.
1969 Telangana Agitation: This agitation was deeply intertwined with the demand for a separate Telangana state. The violation of safeguards promised in the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956, which facilitated the formation of Andhra Pradesh, reignited the Mulki issue. Students and political leaders argued that the agreement was not being honored, and that Non-Mulkis were being favored in employment.
1972 Jai Andhra Movement: Ironically, the Supreme Court's upholding of the Mulki Rules in 1972 triggered protests in the Andhra region. People from Andhra and Rayalaseema felt discriminated against, leading to the Jai Andhra Movement demanding a separate Andhra state. This movement further intensified the divide between the regions.
Consequences and Legacy
The Mulki Rules and the protests they generated had a profound impact on Andhra Pradesh:
Regional Tensions: The issue exacerbated the divide between Telangana and Andhra regions, fueling separatist sentiments.
Political Instability: The protests often led to political turmoil, including President's rule being imposed in the state.
Social Unrest: The agitation sometimes turned violent, disrupting normal life and causing economic losses.
Legal Battles: The validity of the Mulki Rules was frequently challenged in courts, leading to prolonged legal battles.
Though the formation of Telangana state in 2014 addressed some concerns, the legacy of the Mulki Rules continues to shape the state's political discourse. The issue highlights the complexities of regional identity, equitable resource allocation, and the challenges of balancing the aspirations of different communities within a diverse state.
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