Salient features and Major Landmarks of Ancient and Medieval India- For RAS/RTS Mains and RAS/RTS Prelims examination

Indus Valley Civilization

  • Discovered in 1921
  • Belonged to the bronze age
  • An area of about 1.3 mn sq km
  • Existed between 3300-1600 BC in three phases: early, mature and late phases
  • Sites
Early (pre-Harappan) Mature (Harappan) Late phase (post-urban)
Harappa
Mohenjodaro
Chanhu-daro
Lothal
Kalibangan Kalibangan
Banawali Banawali (Hissar)
Sutkagendor (Pakistan)
Sukotada (Gujarat)
Dholavira (Kutch) Dholavira Dholavira
Rakhigarhi (Ghaggar) Rakhigarhi Rakhigarhi
Bhagwanpura
Manda (Jammu); Chandigarh, Shangol (Punjab); Daulatpur, Mitthal (Haryana); Alamgirpur. Hulas (West UP)

 

Site Remarkable Feature
Sutkagendor – Surkotada Marked by a citadel
Mohenjo-daro Great Bath;

Large granary

Impressive drainage system

Piece of woven cotton

Mother Goddess

Seal of pashu-pati

Kalibangan Grain and plough

 

  • Town planning
    • Grid system
  • The Indus people were the earliest to produce cotton

Aryans

  • Male dominated
  • Pastoral
  • Horse was a significant animal
  • Rig veda – Consists of 10 mandalas (books): Book 1 and 10 are relatively new
  • Earliest specimen of Indo-European language: 2200 BC inscription in Iran. Later in the Hittite inscriptions in Anatolia
  • 1500 BC came 11.4-132.3s0-89.4-11.4-132.3zm-317.5 213.5V175.2l142.7 81.2-142.7 81.2z"/> Subscribe on YouTube
to India
  • Sindhu is the river par excellence for them
  • Saraswati is the best of the rivers in Rig Veda
  • Panchajana – five tribes into which Aryans were divided
  • Used ploughshare
  • Land did not form a well-established type of private property
  • Metal working was known
  • Rajan – king
  • Samiti, sabha, vidatha,gana  – tribal assembly
  •  

    Jainism

     

    • 24 tirthankaras.
    • First: Rishab Dev
    • 23rd: Parshavnath
    • Mahavir (599 BC – 527 BC) or (540 BC – 468 BC)
    • In Kundagrama near Vaishali
    • Father – Siddartha (Jnatrika clan)
    • Mother – Trishala (sister of Lichchhavi chief Chetaka)
    • Died at Pavapuri near Rajgir
    • Five doctrines: Do not – violence, steal, lie, acquire property and do observe brahmacharya
    • Did not condemn the varna system
    • Triratna: right knowledge, right faith, right action
    • Spread to Kalinga in first century BC. King Kharavela
    • Used Prakrit language. Literature written in Ardhamagadhi
    • Prepared the grammar of Apabhramsha
    • Contributed to the growth of Kannada

    Buddhism

    • 563 – 483 BC – Lumbini, Kapilavastu, Nepal. Shakya family.
    • Suddhodan and Mahamaya
    • Death: Kushinagar (Kasia in Deoria distt of UP)
    • Eight-fold path (for end of misery)
    1. Right observation
    2. Right determination
    3. Right speech
    4. Right action
    5. Right livelihood
    6. Right exercise
    7. Right memory
    8. Right meditation

    Do not

    1. Covet other’s property
    2. Commit violence
    3. Lie
    4. Use intoxicants
    5. Indulge in corrupt practices
    • No god or atman exists
    • Used Pali
    • Main elements of Buddhism: Buddha, Sangha, Dhamma
    • Brahamana ruler Pashyamitra Shunga persecuted the Buddhists
    • Mihirakula (Huna king) killed Buddhists
    • Buddhist text: Suttanipata
    • Gandhara Art
    • First human statues worshipped
    • Barabar hills: Caves for monks

    Territorial States

     

    Kingdoms and Capitals

    Kingdom  Capital
    Kapilavastu Piprahwa
    Lichchhavis Vaishali
    Mahajanpadas
    Anga Champa
    Kashi Varanasi
    Koshala Shravasti
    Mallas Kushinara
    Vatsa/Vamsa Kaushambi
    Avanti Ujjain (North)/ Mahishamati (South)
    Magadha Rajgir (Girivraja)
    Chedi/Cheti
    Kuru
    Panchala
    Matsya
    Surasena Mathura
    Ashmaka
    Gandhara
    Kamboja
    Vriji/Vajji Mithila
    Satvanahanas Paithan
    Pandya Madurai
    Chola Puhar (kaveripattanam)
    Chalyukyas Badami (Bijapur)
    Pallavas Kanchi
    Kadambas Vijayanti
    Gangas Kolar

     

    First Magadhan Empire

    Dyansty Ruler Remark
    Haryanka Bimbisara Contemporary of Buddha
    Ajatsatru
    Udayin Built fort on the confluence of Ganga and Son at Patna
    Shishunagas Destroyed the power of Avanti
    Nandas (most powerful rulers of Magadha) Mahapadma Nanda

     

    Mauryas (Patliputra)
    Mauryas had a very elaborate bureaucracy Chandragupta Maurya Megasthenes visited during his time
    Bindusara Links with Greek princes
    Ashoka Buddhism
    Shunga
    Pushyamitra Shunga Destroyed the Mauryan empire. Killed Maurya king Brihadratha

     

    Balisadhaka – tax collectors during the times of Nandas

    Shaulkiki or shulkadhyakshas were also toll collectors

    Shakyas and Lichchhavis were republics

     

    Literature

    Book Author/Language Remark
    Digha Nikaya Pali Buddhist text

     

    North-West India

    Menander (Milinda) was the most famous Indo-Greek ruler.

    • His capital at Sakala (Sialkot)
    • Converted to Buddhism by Nagasena (Nagarjuna)

    Shakas

    • Succeeded the Greeks in North West
    • Rudradaman I : most famous ruler
      • He issued first ever long inscription in chaste Sanskrit

    Parthians

    • Followed Shakas
    • Famous king: Gondophernes
      • Thomas came during his reign

    Kushans

    • Aka Yuechis or Tocharians
    • Kadphises was the first king
    • Kanishka is the most famous ruler
      • Started the Shaka era in 78 AD
      • Held the Buddhist council in Kashmir where the doctrines of Mahayana form were finalized
      • Patronized Ashvaghosa
    • Kushan inscriptions and coins found at Toprak Kala in Khorezm
    • Kushanas were the first rulers to issue gold coins on a large scale
    • Introduced the Satrap system of government
    • They controlled the Silk Route
    • Worshipped both Shiva and Buddha. Some worshipped Vishnu too.
    • Kanishka built a large number of Stupas

     

    Greek ambassador Heliodorus set up a piller in honor of Vasudeva near Vidisa.

    Appointed governors called strategos

     

    Deccan

    Satavahanas

    • Succeeded Mauryas in Deccan
    • Brahmana rulers
    • Gautamiputra Satkarni (AD 106-130)
    • Vashishthiputra Pulimayi: Capital at Paithan
    • Started the practice of granting tax-free villages to Brahmanas and Buddhist Monks
    • Yajna Sri Satakarni
    • Chaityas (Buddhist temples) and Viharas (monastaries) were constructed during their times
      • Most famous Chaitya at Karle in Deccan
    • Show trace of matrilineal social structure
    • Administration
      • Ahara – district
      • Officials – amatyas or mahamatras
      • Gaulmika – head of a small military regiment and look after administration in rural areas
      • Three grades of feudatories: raja, mahabhoja, senapati
      • Language: Prakrit

    South

    Pandya

    • Sent embassies to the Roman emperor Augustus

    Chola

    • Elara conquered Sri Lanka
    • Karikala founded Puhar aka Kaveripatnam which was their capital

    Cheras

    • Kerala and parts of TN
    • Senguttavan is the greatest king
    • Roman influence: Muziris. Also built a temple of Augustus

    Vellalas – rich peasants

    Arasar – ruling class

    Pariyars – agricultural labourers

    Shrent – artisan guilds

    Chalukyas

    • Badami (Bijapur)
    • Pulakesin II was the important ruler
    • Court poet Ravikirti wrote his eulogy in the Aihole inscription

    Pallavas

    • They succeeded the Ikshvakus
    • Kanchipuram was their capital
    • Came in conflict with kadambas
      • Mayurasharman had founded the Kadamba kingdom (Capital: Vijayanti/Banavasi)
    • Nasrimhavarman occupied the Chalukya capital Vatapi in 642 AD
      • Assumed the title of Vatapikonda
    • Constructed a number of temples
    • Ratha temples at Mahabs built by Narsimhavarman who founded Mahabs
    • Pattadakal: Papanatha temple and Virupaksha temple
    • Kailashnath temple at Kanchi

    One of the major revolt in the south was the Kalabhras revolt. It was so widespread that it could be put down only through the joint  efforts of the Pandyas, the Pallavas and the Chalukyas

    Three types of villages: Ur (commoners), Sabha (Brahmans), Nagaram (traders etc)

    Foreign Invasions

     

     

    Major events

    326-325 BC Alexander’s invasion

     

    Literature

    Book Author
    Mudrarakshasa (play) Vishakhadatta
    Indika Megasthenes
    Milind Panho Buddhist literature of questions of Manender to Nagarjuna
    Buddhacharita Ashvaghosha
    Saundarananda (Sanskrit kavya) Ashvaghosha
    Mahavastu (Buddhist-hybrid Sanskrit)
    Divyavandan (Buddhist-hybrid Sanskrit)
    Kamsutra Vatsyayana
    Charaksamhita Charaka
    Gathasaptasatti (Prakrit book) Hala (Satavahana king)
    Tolkkappiyam (deals with grammar and poetics)
    Silappadikaram and Manimekalai are Tamil epics <Ilango Adigal? (silappadikaram)>
    Natural History (Latin) Pliny (Roman writer)
    Mrichchhakatika Shudraka
    Abhijnanashakuntalam Kalidasa
    Amarakosha Amarasimha
    Romaka Sidhanta (Astronomy)
    Harshacharita Banabhatta
    Priyadarshika; Ratnavali; and Nagananda (plays) Harshavardhana
    Astadhyayi Panini
    Mahabhashika Patanjali
    Suryasiddhanta A treatise on astronomy. Authorship disputed.
    Brihatsamhita Varahmira (5th CE)
    Sushrutsamhita Sushrut (2nd CE)
    Charaksamhita Charak (2nd CE)

     

    Travelers

    Traveler During time of Work
    Megasthenes (ambassador of Seleucus) Chandragupta Maurya Indika
    Fa Hein Chandragupta Vikramaditya
    Hsuan Tsang Harshavardhana

     

    Pliny wrote Naturalis Historia

    Philosophy

    Six schools

    School Philosophy Major proponent
    Samkhaya Materialistic. No god. Later turned spiritualistic. Prakriti-Purusha. Salvation through knowledge acquired through pratyaksha, anumana, shabda Kapila
    Yoga Slavation through meditation and physical application
    Nyaya System of logic. Salvation through acquisition of knowledge.
    Vaisheshika Discussion of material elements or dravya. Atom theory. (beginning of physics). Belief in god.
    Mimansa Vedas contain the eternal truth. Reasoning provided for vedic rituals. Perform vedic rites for salvation.
    Vedanta Brahmasutra. Brahma is the reality. Atma is identical with Brahma. Shankara (Advaita) – born in Kerala

    Ramanuja (Vishistadvaita)

    Shuddhadvaita (Vallabha)

    Lokayata Materialistic philosophy. Charavaka

     

     

    Mauryan officers

    Rajukas – a class of officers appointed by Ashoka for administration of justice

    Dhammamahamatras – officers of Ashoka for propagating dharma among various social groups

    Tirthas – important functionaries

    Samaharta – highest officer for tax assessment

    Sannidhata – chief custodian of the state treasury

    Sangam literature

    • Sangam was an assembly of Tamil poets held under royal patronage in Madurai
    • Compiled around 300-600 AD
    • Can be divided into two groups: narrative and didactic
    • Narrative: Melkanakku (or Eighteen Major Works)
    • Didactic: Kilkanakku (Eighteen minor works)
    • Silappadikaram and Manimekalai are Tamil epics

     

    Misc

    • Shataka was a special type of cloth made at Mathura
    • Artisan guilds were called shrents
    • Uttarapatha was a sea route most frequently in use
    • Gomat – wealthy person

    Guptas

    • After the fall of Kushans and Satvahanas in mid 3rd century AD
    • Perhaps of Vaishya origin
    • Chandragupta 1- Samudragupta – Chandragupta II – Kumargupta – Skandagupta
    • Capital: Patliputra
    • Chandragupta I
      • Started the Gupta era in AD 319-20
    • Samudragupta (aka Napoleon of India)
      • Delighted in violence and conquest
      • Court poet: Harishena
    • Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) [375-415 AD]
      • Exercised indirect influence over the Central Indian kingdom of Prabhavati through his daughter
      • Ujjain was his second capital
      • Navratnas
      • Kalidasa, Varahmira and Amarsimha were at his court
      • Fa-hsien visited India
    • Royal seal: Garuda
    • Decline in long distance trade
    • Emergence of priestly landlords
    • Position of shudras improved
    • Subordination of women
    • Buddhism did not receive royal patronage
    • Golden age of ancient India
      • Ajanta Paintings <not by Guptas but mostly during their period>
      • Nalanda university flourished
      • 13 plays written by Bhasa
      • Mrichchhakatika – Shudraka
      • Kalidasa
      • Plays were mostly comic
      • Ramayana and Mahabharata compiled
      • Development of Sanskrit Grammar
      • Aryabhatiya – Aryabhatta
      • Romaka Sidhanta – book on astronomy
    • Was poor in architecture
    • Huna invasion made the empire weak

    Vishti – forced labour by peasants for the army officials

    Harshavardhana

    • After the fall of Guptas
    • Capital: Kanauj
    • Banabhatta: court poet (wrote Harshacharita)
    • Ran the administration on similar lines as Guptas
    • Law and order: not well maintained
    • Nalanda flourished as a centre of Buddhist learning
    • Became a great parton of Buddhism (was a Shaiva earlier)
    • Convened a grand assembly as Kanauj to widely publicise the doctrines of Mahayana
    • Authored three dramas: Priyadarshika, Ratnavali and Nagananda

    ras free notes team will provide you in detailed notes for each topic of RAS/RTS  examination, please dont forget to subscribe RAS free notes for regular updates regarding RAS/RTS Pre Examination Rajasthan Public Service Commission(RPSC), Ajmer. Here is RAS Pre GK, GS Paper 1 Solutions, Full Question Paper, Answer Key of RAS Pre Examination . For Results, Cut-Off Marks, Subject Papers.  RAS Pre Question Paper Solutions. For More updates on RAS Pre 2012 Results Follow us on FACEBOOK OR GOOGLE+ For all Previous year RAS/RTS Papers(1991-2012) visit: rasfreenotes.in RAS Exam Previous years Papers are completely solved along with sectional devision Ras/RTS Mains exam .

     

    error: Content is protected !!
    Exit mobile version