Telangana, the youngest state of India, is endowed with significant water resources. With its rivers, reservoirs, tanks, and canals, water management and utilization are pivotal for the states agrarian economy, industrial needs, and domestic consumption. The states water resources are primarily centered around its river systems, most notably the Krishna and Godavari rivers, along with smaller tributaries and other water bodies.
Key River Systems in Telangana
1. Godavari River
Origin: The Godavari originates in Maharashtra and is one of the largest river systems in India.
Coverage in Telangana: The Godavari enters Telangana near Basar in Nirmal district and traverses through several districts, including Adilabad, Nizamabad, and Karimnagar.
Tributaries:
Manjira River: A key tributary, it is crucial for providing drinking water to Hyderabad.
Pranahita River: Another important tributary, contributing significantly to the Godavari's flow.
Penganga and Maner Rivers: These support irrigation and other water needs in their respective catchment areas.
2. Krishna River
Origin: The Krishna River originates in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra.
Coverage in Telangana: The river enters Telangana in the Srisailam area and flows through districts like Mahabubnagar and Nalgonda.
Tributaries:
Bhima River
Musi River: It flows through Hyderabad, serving as a critical resource for urban needs.
Tungabhadra River: Although shared with other states, it contributes significantly to Telangana's irrigation potential.
3. Minor Rivers
Munneru River: A tributary of the Krishna, it is significant in the districts of Khammam and Warangal.
Palair River: Another tributary feeding into the Godavari basin.
Major Reservoirs and Projects
1. Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project
Overview: A flagship project of the Telangana government, the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) is the world's largest multi-stage lift irrigation system.
Purpose: It aims to supply water to over 45 lakh acres of farmland, ensuring irrigation, drinking water, and industrial water supply.
Features:
Utilizes water from the Godavari River.
Includes massive pumping stations, reservoirs, and canals.
2. Nagarjuna Sagar Dam
Location: Built on the Krishna River, it straddles Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
Importance: One of the largest masonry dams in the world, it serves irrigation, hydropower, and drinking water needs.
3. Sriram Sagar Project (SRSP)
Location: Constructed on the Godavari River in Nizamabad district.
Importance: Key for irrigation in northern Telangana and also supports drinking water supply.
4. Singur Dam
Location: Built on the Manjira River in Sangareddy district.
Usage: Provides drinking water to Hyderabad and supports irrigation.
5. Lower Manair Dam
Location: Located on the Manair River, a tributary of the Godavari.
Importance: Supports irrigation and has potential for fisheries and tourism development.
Traditional Water Conservation Systems
Telangana boasts a rich history of traditional water management practices, such as:
Tanks and Ponds: Telangana has thousands of tanks, including the famous Hussain Sagar and Osman Sagar in Hyderabad.
Mission Kakatiya: A state government initiative aimed at restoring and rejuvenating tanks and ponds for improving irrigation and groundwater recharge.
Groundwater Resources
Groundwater is a crucial resource for Telangana, especially in regions with limited surface water availability. Over the years:
Depletion Concerns: Excessive reliance on borewells and unregulated groundwater extraction have led to a decline in water tables.
Recharge Initiatives: Programs like watershed development and rainwater harvesting are being implemented to enhance recharge and sustainability.
Water Utilization Sectors
1. Agriculture
Over 60% of Telanganas population depends on agriculture, which requires substantial water resources.
Major irrigated crops include rice, maize, and cotton.
2. Drinking Water
Projects like Mission Bhagiratha aim to provide piped drinking water to every household in rural Telangana.
3. Industry
Industries, especially in Hyderabad and its surroundings, depend on water from reservoirs and rivers.
Challenges in Water Resource Management
1. Inter-State River Water Disputes
Telangana shares its major rivers with Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka, leading to disputes over water allocation.
Key disputes involve the Krishna and Godavari River Management Boards.
2. Climate Change
Erratic rainfall patterns and rising temperatures are affecting water availability.
3. Pollution
Rivers like Musi face pollution due to untreated industrial and domestic waste.
4. Groundwater Depletion
Overextraction has led to declining water tables, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas.
Government Initiatives
1. Mission Bhagiratha
Aim: To provide safe drinking water to all households in Telangana.
Implementation: Covers both rural and urban areas with a comprehensive pipeline network.
2. Mission Kakatiya
Focus: Restoration of traditional tanks and water bodies.
Impact: Enhances irrigation capacity, supports groundwater recharge, and benefits the rural economy.
3. Irrigation Development
Projects like Palamuru Rangareddy Lift Irrigation Scheme and Devadula Lift Irrigation Project aim to expand the irrigation potential of the state.
Future Prospects and Recommendations
Integrated Water Management: Implementing integrated water resource management (IWRM) practices to balance water needs across sectors.
Rainwater Harvesting: Expanding rainwater harvesting initiatives in both urban and rural areas.
Pollution Control: Strengthening regulations and infrastructure to treat industrial and municipal waste.
Awareness Campaigns: Educating farmers and industries on water conservation techniques.
Technology Adoption: Using GIS, remote sensing, and IoT for effective monitoring and management of water resources.