Telangana, the youngest state in India, is a land of diverse geographical features. From the ancient Deccan Plateau to the fertile river valleys, the state offers a rich tapestry of landscapes. This article delves into the geographical divisions of Telangana, exploring its physical features, climate, and natural resources.
Physiography
Telangana is predominantly situated on the Deccan Plateau, characterized by its undulating terrain, granite formations, and fertile valleys. The state's elevation ranges from 150 meters in the east to 900 meters in the west.
The state can be broadly divided into three physiographic regions:
Telangana Plateau: This region covers the northern and central parts of the state. It is characterized by its gneissic rocks, gentle slopes, and fertile black cotton soil. The Godavari and Krishna rivers traverse this region, creating fertile valleys.
Golconda Plateau: Located in the southern part of the state, this region is slightly lower in elevation than the Telangana Plateau. It is characterized by its sandstone and shale formations.
Eastern Ghats: The discontinuous line of the Eastern Ghats runs along the eastern border of the state. These hills are rich in mineral resources.
Climate
Telangana experiences a predominantly hot and dry climate. The state has three distinct seasons:
Summer (March-May): This is the hottest season, with temperatures soaring above 40C. The region experiences hot winds and dry weather.
Monsoon (June-September): The southwest monsoon brings moderate rainfall to the state. The northern and eastern parts receive higher rainfall compared to the southern and western parts.
Winter (October-February): This is the most pleasant season, with mild temperatures and low humidity.
Rivers
Telangana is blessed with several rivers that play a crucial role in its agriculture and economy. The major rivers include:
Godavari: The longest river in South India, it flows through the northern part of the state.
Krishna: Another major river, it flows through the central and southern parts of the state.
Manjira: A tributary of the Godavari, it is an important source of irrigation.
Musi: This river flows through Hyderabad, the state capital.
Forests
Forests cover about 24% of Telangana's geographical area. The state has diverse forest types, including:
Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests: These are the most common type, found in the plateau regions.
Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests: Found in areas with higher rainfall.
Thorn Forests: Found in the drier parts of the state.
Natural Resources
Telangana is rich in natural resources, including:
Minerals: Coal, limestone, iron ore, and granite are found in abundance.
Water Resources: The state has several rivers, lakes, and groundwater resources.
Forests: Provide timber, fuelwood, and other forest products.
Land: Fertile land suitable for agriculture.
Agro-Climatic Zones
Based on rainfall, soil type, and climate, Telangana is divided into four agro-climatic zones:
Northern Telangana Zone: Characterized by moderate rainfall and fertile black cotton soil.
Central Telangana Zone: Receives lower rainfall and has red sandy soils.
Southern Telangana Zone: This is the driest zone with red loamy soils.
High Altitude and Tribal Zone: Found in the Eastern Ghats, this zone has diverse flora and fauna.
Impact of Geography on Economy
The diverse geography of Telangana has a significant impact on its economy. The fertile river valleys support agriculture, which is a major contributor to the state's GDP. The mineral resources have led to the development of industries. The forests provide livelihoods for tribal communities. The state's strategic location and infrastructure have also contributed to its economic growth.